Master's degree - Wikipedia. An English- language master's degree diploma from India. A master's degree. Within the area studied, master's graduates are expected to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics; high order skills in analysis, critical evaluation, or professional application; and the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently. Historical development. The original meaning of the master's degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank (degree) of master (i. This gradually became formalised as the licentia docendi (licence to teach). Originally, masters and doctors were not distinguished, but by the 1. English universities to refer to the teachers in the lower faculties (arts and grammar) as masters and those in the higher faculties as doctors. At the start of the century, the only master's degree was the MA, and this was normally awarded without any further study or examination. The Master in Surgery degree was introduced by the University of Glasgow in 1. In the United States, the first master's degrees (Magister Artium, or Master of Arts) were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation. In 1. 83. 2 Lord Brougham, the Lord Chancellor and an alumnus of the University of Edinburgh, told the House of Lords that . In Scotland all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter. At the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1. When London introduced its Faulty of Sciences in 1. University was granted a new charter giving it the power . In 1. 87. 7, Oxford introduced the Master of Natural Science, along with the Bachelor of Natural Science, to stand alongside the MA and BA degrees and be awarded to students who took their degrees in the honours school of natural sciences. This established a three- cycle bachelor's.
This led to questions as to the status of the integrated master's degrees and one- year master's degrees in the UK. In 1. 90. 3, the London Daily News criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs . This was the first master's degree in business, the forerunner of the modern MBA. In the 1. 96. 0s, new Scottish universities (with the exception of Dundee, which inherited the undergraduate MA from St Andrews) reintroduced the BA as their undergraduate degree in Arts, restoring the MA to its position as a postgraduate qualification. Oxford and Cambridge retained their MAs, but renamed many of their postgraduate bachelor's degrees in the higher faculties as master's degrees, e. This development was noted by the Dearing Report into UK Higher Education in 1. This specified learning outcomes for M- level (master's) degrees and advised that the title . It addressed many of the Dearing Report's concerns, specifying that shorter courses at H- level (honours), e. It also addressed the Oxbridge MA issue, noting that . It was specified that the title . Reports of Agency reviews of such provision will relate to undergraduate benchmarks and will make it clear that the title reflects Scottish custom and practice, and that any positive judgement on standards should not be taken as implying that the outcomes of the programme were at postgraduate level. The two most common titles of master's degrees are the Master of Arts (MA/M. A./A. M) and Master of Science (MSc/M. S./S. M.) degrees; which normally consist of a mixture of research and taught material. A few titles are more general, for example Master of Philosophy (MPhil), used (in the same manner as Doctor of Philosophy) to indicate degrees with a large research component. Master in Science (MSci) and Master in Arts (MArts). This form is also sometimes used with other integrated master's degrees. Master's in Accounting). Examples of the reversed usage include Harvard University, the University of Chicago and MIT, leading to the abbreviations A. M. B. S., Ph. D.), however The Chicago Manual of Style recommends writing degrees without periods (e. In Australia, some extended master's degrees use the title . Despite their titles these are still master's degree and may not be referred to as doctoral degrees, nor may graduates use the title . Courses normally last one year in the UK and two years in the US. A 2. 01. 1 survey of UK Higher Education Institutes found that 6. STEM disciplines, with the most common degrees being MEng, MSci and MChem. The Scottish MA is a bachelor's- level qualification offered by the ancient universities of Scotland. The Oxbridge MA is not an academic qualification; it is granted without further examination to those who have gained a BA from Oxford or Cambridge Universities in England. Examples are the MPhil (always a research degree, often linked to a doctoral programme), MLitt (usually, but not always a research degree) and Master's by Research. They aim to prepare students fit research careers. Nationwide bowling in New Jersey and Pennsylvania offers group events and corporate fundraising events for bowlers at all of their locations. Site Design by Monterey Bay Design.Care should be taken not to confuse the Master by Research (Mby. Res, MRes or Res. M), which is a research degree in a specific subject, with the Master of Research (MRes), which is a taught degree concentrating on research methods. These may be stand- alone master's courses, leading to, e. MSc, MA or MRes degrees, or integrated master's degrees. Professional or practice master's degrees are designed to prepare students for a particular professional career and are primarily taught, although they may include work placements and independent study projects. Some may require professional experience for entry. Examples include MBA, MDiv, LLM and MSW as well as some integrated master's degrees. The name of the degree normally includes the subject name. The United States Department of Education classifies master's degree as research or professional. Research master's degrees in the US, e. Professional master's degrees may be structured like research master's (e. M. E./M. Eng.) or may concentrate on a specific discipline (e. M. B. A.), and often substitute a project for the thesis. Research master's degrees typically take one to two years, and two thirds of their content consists of research, research training and independent study. Coursework master's degrees typically also last one to two years, and consist mainly of structured learning with some independent research and project work or practice- related learning. Extended master's degrees typically take three to four years and contain significant practice- related learning that must be developed in collaboration with relevant professional, statutory or regulatory bodies. Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 6. ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 1. ECTS credits or not credit rated. A dissertation may or may not be required, depending on the program. In general, the structure and duration of a program of study leading to a master's degree will differ by country and by university. Duration. In some fields/programs, work on a doctorate begins immediately after the bachelor's degree, but a master's may be granted along the way as a intermediate qualification if the student petitions for it. Taught degrees (of both forms) typically take a full calendar year (i. The Framework for Higher Education Qualification (FHEQ) in England Wales and Northern Ireland level 7 qualifications and the Framework for Qualification of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland (FQHEIS) level 1. MAs from the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge MAs) have been certified as meeting this requirement. These have also been certified as compatible with the FQ- EHEA. In countries where the bachelor's degree with honours is the standard undergraduate degree, this is often the normal entry qualification. Two thirds of EHEA countries have standardised on 1. ECTS credits for their second- cycle (master's) degrees, but 9. ECTS credits is the main form in Cyprus, Ireland and Scotland and 6. Montenegro, Serbia and Spain. As of 2. 01. 5, 3. EHEA countries have integrated programmes that combine the first and second cycle and lead to a second- cycle qualification (e. These typically have a duration of 3. The Master's Degree or candidatus is a FQ- EHEA second- cycle qualification worth 1. ECTS credits. These degrees are research- based and offered through universities. The second form is the Master Degree (no possessive) within the adult further education system, which is worth 6. ECTS credits and is taught part- time. Similar abbreviations, inspired by Latin, apply to a large number of fields, e. In Finland and Sweden, the title of kand. Depending on the goal of the student (a doctorate or a professional career) the master 2 can also be called a . To obtain a national diploma for the master 2 requires a minimum of one year of study after the master 1. A French . In particular fields, namely law, pharmacy and medicine, this distinction is not made. University courses are therefore single and last five to six years, after which the master's degree is awarded (in this case referred to as Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico). The old Laurea degree (Vecchio Ordinamento, Old Regulations), which was the only awarded in Italy before the Bologna process, is equivalent. Those who had already started the program could, upon completing it, bear the appropriate title (MSc, LL. M. Since these graduates do not have a separate bachelor's degree (which is in fact . Bearers of foreign master's degree are able to use the titles ir., mr. Those who received their mr., ir. Jansen, M. Sc., depending on the field in which the degree was obtained, since the ir., mr. The system offers an education in different areas, such as humanities, environmental and social issues, whilst paying specific consideration to the Baltic Sea area. It is a joint- degree program, which is part of a team effort with four universities. There is the University of Tartu in Estonia, the University of Turku in Finland, Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania and the University of Latvia.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
January 2017
Categories |